Climatch

What can I grow in Caotun?

🇹🇼Caotun, Taiwan, Taiwan

Caotun is in hardiness zone 11a, almost never frosts, and gets almost no winter chill and 76 in of rain a year. Best fits: strawberry, wheat, maize (corn), hemp and canola (rapeseed).Caotun is in hardiness zone 11a, almost never frosts, and gets almost no winter chill and 1,931 mm of rain a year. Best fits: strawberry, wheat, maize (corn), hemp and canola (rapeseed).

Find land with a climate like Caotun →
Hardiness zone
Zone 11a
Coldest night 43°FColdest night 6°C
Frost season
Frost-free
Frost is very rare
Frost-safe planting
Any time
No spring frost 9 years in 10
Winter chill
0 hours
0 chill portions, 9 winters in 10
Too little chill even for almonds.
Summer heat
8,464 °F·days4,702 °C·days
Degree days above 50°FDegree days above 10°C
Enough heat to ripen even pistachios and pecans.
Hot days
1 day
Above 95°F a yearAbove 35°C a year
Rain
76 in1,931 mm
Per year
Dry season
3 months
Months where rain can't keep up with the heat
A long dry season: drought-hardy crops cope, most others need watering through it.

Rain only, no watering. Shown by default because Caotun gets over 20 in500 mm of rain a year.

Great fits (80+) 23

  1. Strawberry

    100Ideal

    Plant in Jan

    Every requirement is in its ideal range.

    Fruit · Annual · Plant in January

    Why this score

    • Months it can be sown (frost-safe and warm enough)100

      Here: 12 months · Ideal: at least 1 month

    • Growing-season average100

      Here: 64°F · Ideal: 57–75°FHere: 18°C · Ideal: 14–24°C

    • Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

      Here: 55°F · Ideal: at least 37°FHere: 13°C · Ideal: at least 3°C

    • Growing-season rain100

      Here: 8.7 in · Ideal: 5.9–18 inHere: 220 mm · Ideal: 150–450 mm

    Grown as a short-season crop in most commercial systems; day-neutral types fruit through summer.

    Fragaria × ananassa. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Fragaria × ananassa; UC ANR: Strawberry production.

    Where else strawberry grows →

  2. Wheat

    Spring wheat

    100Ideal

    Plant in Jan

    Every requirement is in its ideal range.

    Grain · Annual · Plant in January

    Why this score

    • Months it can be sown (frost-safe and warm enough)100

      Here: 12 months · Ideal: at least 1 month

    • Growing-season average100

      Here: 66°F · Ideal: 54–72°FHere: 19°C · Ideal: 12–22°C

    • Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

      Here: 55°F · Ideal: at least 32°FHere: 13°C · Ideal: at least 0°C

    • Growing-season rain100

      Here: 14 in · Ideal: 9.8–24 inHere: 359 mm · Ideal: 250–600 mm

    In mild-winter climates spring wheat is sown in autumn and grows through the cool season.

    Triticum aestivum. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Triticum aestivum; FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 33 (Doorenbos & Kassam 1979).

    Where else wheat grows →

  3. Maize (corn)

    100Ideal

    Plant in Feb

    Every requirement is in its ideal range.

    Grain · Annual · Plant in February

    Why this score

    • Months it can be sown (frost-safe and warm enough)100

      Here: 12 months · Ideal: at least 1 month

    • Growing-season average100

      Here: 70°F · Ideal: 64–86°FHere: 21°C · Ideal: 18–30°C

    • Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

      Here: 57°F · Ideal: at least 50°FHere: 14°C · Ideal: at least 10°C

    • Growing-season rain100

      Here: 21 in · Ideal: 16–35 inHere: 534 mm · Ideal: 400–900 mm

    • Degree days above 50°FDegree days above 10°C100

      Here: 8,464 °F·days · Ideal: at least 1,980 °F·daysHere: 4,702 °C·days · Ideal: at least 1,100 °C·days

    Hybrids are matched to season length by relative maturity. Heat over ~95 °F at silking hurts pollination.Hybrids are matched to season length by relative maturity. Heat over ~35 °C at silking hurts pollination.

    Zea mays. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Zea mays; FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 33 (Doorenbos & Kassam 1979, Yield response to water).

    Where else maize (corn) grows →

  4. Hemp

    Autoflowering

    100Ideal

    Plant in Mar

    Best variety: Autoflowering

    Every requirement is in its ideal range.

    Fiber · Annual · Plant in March

    Why this score

    • Months it can be sown (frost-safe and warm enough)100

      Here: 12 months · Ideal: at least 1 month

    • Growing-season average100

      Here: 72°F · Ideal: 64–82°FHere: 22°C · Ideal: 18–28°C

    • Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

      Here: 61°F · Ideal: at least 41°FHere: 16°C · Ideal: at least 5°C

    • Growing-season rain100

      Here: 19 in · Ideal: 14–28 inHere: 470 mm · Ideal: 350–700 mm

    Grain and fibre cultivars bred at high latitudes flower too early under the short days of the tropics. Licensing rules vary by country. Autoflowering: Day-neutral: flowers on age, not day length, so it suits low latitudes and short seasons.

    Cannabis sativa. Sources: Amaducci et al. 2015, Key cultivation techniques for hemp in Europe and China (Industrial Crops and Products); FAO ECOCROP: Cannabis sativa.

    Where else hemp grows →

  5. Canola (rapeseed)

    Spring canola

    100Ideal

    Plant in Jan

    Every requirement is in its ideal range.

    Oilseed · Annual · Plant in January

    Why this score

    • Months it can be sown (frost-safe and warm enough)100

      Here: 12 months · Ideal: at least 1 month

    • Growing-season average100

      Here: 66°F · Ideal: 54–70°FHere: 19°C · Ideal: 12–21°C

    • Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

      Here: 55°F · Ideal: at least 32°FHere: 13°C · Ideal: at least 0°C

    • Growing-season rain100

      Here: 14 in · Ideal: 9.8–22 inHere: 359 mm · Ideal: 250–550 mm

    Heat over ~86 °F at flowering cuts yield; a cool-season crop in warm climates.Heat over ~30 °C at flowering cuts yield; a cool-season crop in warm climates.

    Brassica napus. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Brassica napus; Canola Council of Canada: Canola Encyclopedia.

    Where else canola (rapeseed) grows →

  6. Sorghum

    100Good fit

    Plant in Aug

    Every requirement is in its ideal range.

    Grain · Annual · Plant in August

    Why this score

    • Months it can be sown (frost-safe and warm enough)100

      Here: 12 months · Ideal: at least 1 month

    • Growing-season average100

      Here: 77°F · Ideal: 72–91°FHere: 25°C · Ideal: 22–33°C

    • Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

      Here: 64°F · Ideal: at least 54°FHere: 18°C · Ideal: at least 12°C

    • Growing-season rain100

      Here: 23 in · Ideal: 12–28 inHere: 586 mm · Ideal: 300–700 mm

    Handles heat and drought better than maize.

    Sorghum bicolor. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Sorghum bicolor; FAO Crop Water Information: sorghum.

    Where else sorghum grows →

  7. Tomato

    100Good fit

    Plant in Jan

    Every requirement is in its ideal range.

    Vegetable · Annual · Plant in January

    Why this score

    • Months it can be sown (frost-safe and warm enough)100

      Here: 12 months · Ideal: at least 1 month

    • Growing-season average100

      Here: 66°F · Ideal: 64–81°FHere: 19°C · Ideal: 18–27°C

    • Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

      Here: 55°F · Ideal: at least 50°FHere: 13°C · Ideal: at least 10°C

    • Growing-season rain100

      Here: 14 in · Ideal: 9.8–24 inHere: 359 mm · Ideal: 250–600 mm

    Fruit set fails when nights drop below ~50 °F or days top ~95 °F. Wet seasons bring blight.Fruit set fails when nights drop below ~10 °C or days top ~35 °C. Wet seasons bring blight.

    Solanum lycopersicum. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Solanum lycopersicum; FAO Crop Water Information: tomato.

    Where else tomato grows →

  8. Sugarcane

    100Good fit

    Every requirement is in its ideal range.

    Sugar crop · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Average temperature100

      Here: 73°F · Ideal: 72–86°FHere: 23°C · Ideal: 22–30°C

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least 36°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least 2°C

    • Frost-free days100

      Here: 365 days · Ideal: at least 300 days

    • Yearly rain100

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 43–98 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 1,100–2,500 mm

    A cooler, drier spell before harvest raises sugar content. Often irrigated.

    Saccharum officinarum. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Saccharum officinarum; FAO Crop Water Information: sugarcane.

    Where else sugarcane grows →

  9. Barley

    100Good fit

    Plant in Jan

    Every requirement is in its ideal range.

    Grain · Annual · Plant in January

    Why this score

    • Months it can be sown (frost-safe and warm enough)100

      Here: 12 months · Ideal: at least 1 month

    • Growing-season average100

      Here: 66°F · Ideal: 52–68°FHere: 19°C · Ideal: 11–20°C

    • Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

      Here: 55°F · Ideal: at least 32°FHere: 13°C · Ideal: at least 0°C

    • Growing-season rain100

      Here: 14 in · Ideal: 7.9–20 inHere: 359 mm · Ideal: 200–500 mm

    The most cold- and drought-tolerant small grain; malting barley wants a cool, dry finish.

    Hordeum vulgare. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Hordeum vulgare; FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 33 (Doorenbos & Kassam 1979).

    Where else barley grows →

  10. Rice

    100Good fit

    Plant in Mar

    Every requirement is in its ideal range.

    Grain · Annual · Plant in March

    Why this score

    • Months it can be sown (frost-safe and warm enough)100

      Here: 12 months · Ideal: at least 1 month

    • Growing-season average100

      Here: 74°F · Ideal: 72–88°FHere: 24°C · Ideal: 22–31°C

    • Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

      Here: 61°F · Ideal: at least 59°FHere: 16°C · Ideal: at least 15°C

    • Growing-season rain100

      Here: 31 in · Ideal: 28–79 inHere: 796 mm · Ideal: 700–2,000 mm

    Paddy rice is usually flooded from irrigation or monsoon rain; nights below ~59 °F at flowering cause empty grains.Paddy rice is usually flooded from irrigation or monsoon rain; nights below ~15 °C at flowering cause empty grains.

    Oryza sativa. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Oryza sativa; FAO Crop Water Information: rice.

    Where else rice grows →

  11. Soybean

    100Good fit

    Plant in Feb

    Every requirement is in its ideal range.

    Oilseed · Annual · Plant in February

    Why this score

    • Months it can be sown (frost-safe and warm enough)100

      Here: 12 months · Ideal: at least 1 month

    • Growing-season average100

      Here: 70°F · Ideal: 68–86°FHere: 21°C · Ideal: 20–30°C

    • Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

      Here: 57°F · Ideal: at least 50°FHere: 14°C · Ideal: at least 10°C

    • Growing-season rain100

      Here: 21 in · Ideal: 18–35 inHere: 534 mm · Ideal: 450–900 mm

    Maturity groups are matched to latitude because flowering is triggered by shortening days.

    Glycine max. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Glycine max; FAO Crop Water Information: soybean.

    Where else soybean grows →

  12. Macadamia

    100Good fit

    Every requirement is in its ideal range.

    Nut · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least 30°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least -1°C

    • Average temperature100

      Here: 73°F · Ideal: 64–77°FHere: 23°C · Ideal: 18–25°C

    • Days above 95°FDays above 35°C100

      Here: 1 days · Ideal: at most 5 days

    • Yearly rain100

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 47–98 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 1,200–2,500 mm

    Subtropical: best in frost-free, humid coastal climates. Strong winds break limbs.

    Macadamia integrifolia / M. tetraphylla. Sources: Hort Innovation / Australian Macadamia Society growing guides; FAO ECOCROP: Macadamia integrifolia.

    Where else macadamia grows →

  13. Sunflower

    100Good fit

    Plant in Jan

    Every requirement is in its ideal range.

    Oilseed · Annual · Plant in January

    Why this score

    • Months it can be sown (frost-safe and warm enough)100

      Here: 12 months · Ideal: at least 1 month

    • Growing-season average100

      Here: 66°F · Ideal: 64–82°FHere: 19°C · Ideal: 18–28°C

    • Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

      Here: 55°F · Ideal: at least 43°FHere: 13°C · Ideal: at least 6°C

    • Growing-season rain100

      Here: 14 in · Ideal: 12–28 inHere: 359 mm · Ideal: 300–700 mm

    Deep roots make it fairly drought tolerant.

    Helianthus annuus. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Helianthus annuus; FAO Crop Water Information: sunflower.

    Where else sunflower grows →

  14. Cotton

    100Good fit

    Plant in Aug

    Every requirement is in its ideal range.

    Fiber · Annual · Plant in August

    Why this score

    • Months it can be sown (frost-safe and warm enough)100

      Here: 12 months · Ideal: at least 1 month

    • Growing-season average100

      Here: 72°F · Ideal: 72–90°FHere: 22°C · Ideal: 22–32°C

    • Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

      Here: 55°F · Ideal: at least 54°FHere: 13°C · Ideal: at least 12°C

    • Growing-season rain100

      Here: 26 in · Ideal: 20–39 inHere: 659 mm · Ideal: 500–1,000 mm

    • Frost-free days100

      Here: 365 days · Ideal: at least 190 days

    Needs a long, hot season and dry weather when bolls open.

    Gossypium hirsutum. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Gossypium hirsutum; FAO Crop Water Information: cotton.

    Where else cotton grows →

  15. Citrus

    Sweet orange (Valencia, Navel)

    100Good fit

    Best variety: Sweet orange (Valencia, Navel). Also close: Lemon (100), Satsuma mandarin (cold-hardy) (100)

    Every requirement is in its ideal range.

    Fruit · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least 28°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least -2°C

    • Average temperature100

      Here: 73°F · Ideal: 64–82°FHere: 23°C · Ideal: 18–28°C

    • Warmest-month average100

      Here: 83°F · Ideal: 75–90°FHere: 28°C · Ideal: 24–32°C

    • Yearly rain100

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 35–79 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 900–2,000 mm

    Freezes are the deciding risk: a few hours below 27 °F damage fruit and young trees. Our cold-snap estimate is weakest in subtropical climates.Freezes are the deciding risk: a few hours below −3 °C damage fruit and young trees. Our cold-snap estimate is weakest in subtropical climates.

    Citrus spp.. Sources: UF/IFAS Extension: citrus cold hardiness; FAO ECOCROP: Citrus sinensis.

    Where else citrus grows →

  16. Peanut

    100Good fit

    Plant in Aug

    Every requirement is in its ideal range.

    Oilseed · Annual · Plant in August

    Why this score

    • Months it can be sown (frost-safe and warm enough)100

      Here: 10 months · Ideal: at least 1 month

    • Growing-season average100

      Here: 75°F · Ideal: 72–86°FHere: 24°C · Ideal: 22–30°C

    • Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

      Here: 58°F · Ideal: at least 57°FHere: 14°C · Ideal: at least 14°C

    • Growing-season rain100

      Here: 24 in · Ideal: 18–35 inHere: 621 mm · Ideal: 450–900 mm

    Needs warm, light soil for pods to develop underground.

    Arachis hypogaea. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Arachis hypogaea; FAO Crop Water Information: groundnut.

    Where else peanut grows →

  17. Potato

    100Good fit

    Plant in Jan

    Every requirement is in its ideal range.

    Root crop · Annual · Plant in January

    Why this score

    • Months it can be sown (frost-safe and warm enough)100

      Here: 12 months · Ideal: at least 1 month

    • Growing-season average100

      Here: 66°F · Ideal: 55–68°FHere: 19°C · Ideal: 13–20°C

    • Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

      Here: 55°F · Ideal: at least 37°FHere: 13°C · Ideal: at least 3°C

    • Growing-season rain100

      Here: 14 in · Ideal: 14–28 inHere: 359 mm · Ideal: 350–700 mm

    Tubers form best with cool nights; above ~77 °F tuber growth stalls. In the tropics it's a highland or cool-season crop.Tubers form best with cool nights; above ~25 °C tuber growth stalls. In the tropics it's a highland or cool-season crop.

    Solanum tuberosum. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Solanum tuberosum; FAO Crop Water Information: potato.

    Where else potato grows →

  18. Cassava

    100Good fit

    Every requirement is in its ideal range.

    Root crop · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Average temperature100

      Here: 73°F · Ideal: 72–86°FHere: 23°C · Ideal: 22–30°C

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least 41°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least 5°C

    • Yearly rain100

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 39–79 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 1,000–2,000 mm

    Very drought tolerant once established; harvested 8–24 months after planting.

    Manihot esculenta. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Manihot esculenta; FAO 2013, Save and Grow: Cassava.

    Where else cassava grows →

  19. Mango

    99Good fit

    Too cool overall

    Holding it back: Too cool overall: 73°F here, ideal 73–86°FToo cool overall: 23°C here, ideal 23–30°C

    Fruit · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least 39°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least 4°C

    • Average temperature97

      Here: 73°F · Ideal: 73–86°FHere: 23°C · Ideal: 23–30°C

    • Dry-season length100

      Here: 3 months · Ideal: at least 3 months

    • Yearly rain100

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 31–98 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 800–2,500 mm

    A dry or cool spell before flowering gives a good crop; rain at flowering brings anthracnose.

    Mangifera indica. Sources: Litz (ed.), The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses (CABI); FAO ECOCROP: Mangifera indica.

    Where else mango grows →

  20. Avocado

    Hass (Guatemalan × Mexican)

    98Good fit

    Too wet

    Best variety: Hass (Guatemalan × Mexican). Also close: Mexican-type (cold-hardy, e.g. Mexicola, Bacon) (98), West Indian (tropical, e.g. Florida types) (97)

    Holding it back: Too wet: 76 in here, ideal 39–71 inToo wet: 1,931 mm here, ideal 1,000–1,800 mm

    Fruit · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least 32°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least 0°C

    • Average temperature100

      Here: 73°F · Ideal: 61–75°FHere: 23°C · Ideal: 16–24°C

    • Days above 95°FDays above 35°C100

      Here: 1 days · Ideal: at most 10 days

    • Yearly rain89

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 39–71 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 1,000–1,800 mm

    Most commercial orchards are irrigated. Needs free-draining soil; root rot in waterlogged ground. Hot dry winds at flowering cut fruit set.

    Persea americana. Sources: University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources: avocado production guidance; FAO ECOCROP: Persea americana.

    Where else avocado grows →

  21. Banana

    94Good fit

    Dry season too long

    Holding it back: Dry season too long: 3 months here, ideal at most 2 months

    Fruit · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Coldest-month average100

      Here: 62°F · Ideal: at least 61°FHere: 16°C · Ideal: at least 16°C

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least 41°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least 5°C

    • Average temperature100

      Here: 73°F · Ideal: 72–86°FHere: 23°C · Ideal: 22–30°C

    • Yearly rain100

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 59–102 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 1,500–2,600 mm

    • Dry-season length67

      Here: 3 months · Ideal: at most 2 months

    Growth stops below ~57 °F; wind tears the leaves.Growth stops below ~14 °C; wind tears the leaves.

    Musa spp.. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Musa acuminata; FAO Crop Water Information: banana.

    Where else banana grows →

  22. Tea

    China type (var. sinensis)

    94Good fit

    Dry season too long

    Best variety: China type (var. sinensis). Also close: Assam type (var. assamica) (94)

    Holding it back: Dry season too long: 3 months here, ideal at most 2 months

    Beverage · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Average temperature100

      Here: 73°F · Ideal: 61–77°FHere: 23°C · Ideal: 16–25°C

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least 14°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least -10°C

    • Yearly rain100

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 59–118 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 1,500–3,000 mm

    • Dry-season length67

      Here: 3 months · Ideal: at most 2 months

    • Days above 95°FDays above 35°C100

      Here: 1 days · Ideal: at most 10 days

    Needs acidic soil and steady rain; the finest teas come from cool highlands.

    Camellia sinensis. Sources: Carr 1972, The climatic requirements of the tea plant: a review (Experimental Agriculture); FAO ECOCROP: Camellia sinensis.

    Where else tea grows →

  23. Coffee (arabica)

    93Good fit

    Too hot overall

    Holding it back: Too hot overall: 73°F here, ideal 64–72°FToo hot overall: 23°C here, ideal 18–22°C

    Beverage · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Average temperature78

      Here: 73°F · Ideal: 64–72°FHere: 23°C · Ideal: 18–22°C

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least 39°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least 4°C

    • Yearly rain100

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 55–91 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 1,400–2,300 mm

    • Dry-season length100

      Here: 3 months · Ideal: at most 4 months

    • Days above 95°FDays above 35°C100

      Here: 1 days · Ideal: at most 2 days

    A short dry season (2–3 months) helps flowering happen all at once. Above ~73 °F average, quality and yield fall; frost kills.A short dry season (2–3 months) helps flowering happen all at once. Above ~23 °C average, quality and yield fall; frost kills.

    Coffea arabica. Sources: DaMatta & Ramalho 2006, Impacts of drought and temperature stress on coffee physiology and production (Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology); FAO ECOCROP: Coffea arabica.

    Where else coffee (arabica) grows →
Won't grow here 20▸

  1. Cacao

    48Long shot

    Winters get too cold

    Holding it back: Winters get too cold: 43°F here, ideal at least 50°FWinters get too cold: 6°C here, ideal at least 10°C

    Beverage · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Coldest-month average29

      Here: 62°F · Ideal: at least 68°FHere: 16°C · Ideal: at least 20°C

    • Coldest night of the year (average)26

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least 50°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least 10°C

    • Average temperature72

      Here: 73°F · Ideal: 75–84°FHere: 23°C · Ideal: 24–29°C

    • Yearly rain100

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 59–98 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 1,500–2,500 mm

    • Dry-season length67

      Here: 3 months · Ideal: at most 2 months

    Humid lowland tropics, usually within 20° of the equator, ideally under shade trees.

    Theobroma cacao. Sources: Wood & Lass, Cocoa (Longman, 4th ed.); FAO ECOCROP: Theobroma cacao.

    Where else cacao grows →

  2. Fig

    41Long shot

    Too wet

    Holding it back: Too wet: 76 in here, ideal 20–39 inToo wet: 1,931 mm here, ideal 500–1,000 mm

    Fruit · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least 18°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least -8°C

    • Warmest-month average100

      Here: 83°F · Ideal: 72–90°FHere: 28°C · Ideal: 22–32°C

    • Frost-free days100

      Here: 365 days · Ideal: at least 200 days

    • Yearly rain7

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 20–39 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 500–1,000 mm

    Tops die back around 14 °F but roots often regrow. Rain at ripening splits fruit. Rain-fed orchards need a wet winter; in dry places figs are irrigated.Tops die back around −10 °C but roots often regrow. Rain at ripening splits fruit. Rain-fed orchards need a wet winter; in dry places figs are irrigated.

    Ficus carica. Sources: UC ANR: Fig production; FAO ECOCROP: Ficus carica.

    Where else fig grows →

  3. Almond

    0Won't grow

    Not enough winter chill

    Ruled out. Not enough winter chill: 0 portions here, ideal at least 25 portions

    Nut · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Winter chill (9 winters in 10)0

      Here: 0 portions · Ideal: at least 25 portions

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least 9°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least -13°C

    • Frost-free days100

      Here: 365 days · Ideal: at least 210 days

    • Degree days above 50°FDegree days above 10°C100

      Here: 8,464 °F·days · Ideal: at least 3,420 °F·daysHere: 4,702 °C·days · Ideal: at least 1,900 °C·days

    • Yearly rain0

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 22–35 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 550–900 mm

    Blooms in late winter, so spring frosts are the main risk. Humid springs bring disease. Mostly irrigated.

    Prunus dulcis. Sources: Fadón et al. 2020, Chilling and heat requirements of temperate stone fruit trees (Prunus sp.) (Agronomy); UC ANR: Almond Production Manual; Steduto, Hsiao, Fereres & Raes 2012, Crop yield response to water (FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 66).

    Where else almond grows →

  4. Apple

    Standard-chill (Honeycrisp, Gala, Fuji)

    0Won't grow

    Not enough winter chill

    Ruled out. Not enough winter chill: 0 portions here, ideal at least 60 portions

    Fruit · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Winter chill (9 winters in 10)0

      Here: 0 portions · Ideal: at least 60 portions

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least -26°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least -32°C

    • Frost-free days100

      Here: 365 days · Ideal: at least 140 days

    • Degree days above 50°FDegree days above 10°C100

      Here: 8,464 °F·days · Ideal: at least 1,800 °F·daysHere: 4,702 °C·days · Ideal: at least 1,000 °C·days

    • Days above 95°FDays above 35°C100

      Here: 1 days · Ideal: at most 10 days

    • Yearly rain47

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 26–51 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 650–1,300 mm

    Rootstock and variety set cold hardiness; the hardiest survive zone 3. Hot summers hurt colour and cause sunburn.

    Malus domestica. Sources: Luedeling 2012, Climate change impacts on winter chill for temperate fruit and nut production: a review (Scientia Horticulturae); FAO ECOCROP: Malus domestica.

    Where else apple grows →

  5. Blueberry

    Northern highbush (Bluecrop, Duke)

    0Won't grow

    Not enough winter chill

    Ruled out. Not enough winter chill: 0 portions here, ideal at least 55 portions

    Fruit · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Winter chill (9 winters in 10)0

      Here: 0 portions · Ideal: at least 55 portions

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least -20°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least -29°C

    • Frost-free days100

      Here: 365 days · Ideal: at least 140 days

    • Days above 95°FDays above 35°C100

      Here: 1 days · Ideal: at most 15 days

    • Yearly rain57

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 30–59 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 750–1,500 mm

    Needs acidic soil (pH 4.5–5.5), which climate can't tell us. Shallow roots: irrigate in dry spells.

    Vaccinium corymbosum / V. virgatum. Sources: Retamales & Hancock, Blueberries (CABI, 2nd ed.); NC State Extension: blueberry chill requirements.

    Where else blueberry grows →

  6. Cherry

    Sweet cherry (Bing, Lapins)

    0Won't grow

    Not enough winter chill

    Ruled out. Not enough winter chill: 0 portions here, ideal at least 60 portions

    Fruit · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Winter chill (9 winters in 10)0

      Here: 0 portions · Ideal: at least 60 portions

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least -11°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least -24°C

    • Frost-free days100

      Here: 365 days · Ideal: at least 150 days

    • Degree days above 50°FDegree days above 10°C100

      Here: 8,464 °F·days · Ideal: at least 1,440 °F·daysHere: 4,702 °C·days · Ideal: at least 800 °C·days

    • Days above 95°FDays above 35°C100

      Here: 1 days · Ideal: at most 30 days

    • Yearly rain0

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 20–39 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 500–1,000 mm

    Rain near harvest splits sweet cherries. Spring frosts at bloom are the main yield risk.

    Prunus avium / P. cerasus. Sources: Fadón et al. 2020, Chilling and heat requirements of temperate stone fruit trees (Prunus sp.) (Agronomy); FAO ECOCROP: Prunus avium.

    Where else cherry grows →

  7. Date palm

    0Won't grow

    No dry season

    Ruled out. No dry season: 3 months here, ideal at least 8 months

    Fruit · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Warmest-month average43

      Here: 83°F · Ideal: 88–104°FHere: 28°C · Ideal: 31–40°C

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least 23°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least -5°C

    • Yearly rain100

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: at least 59 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: at least 1,500 mm

    • Dry-season length0

      Here: 3 months · Ideal: at least 8 months

    Fruit only ripens with intense summer heat and a long dry season; rain and humidity at ripening spoil it. Never grown on rain alone: roots need groundwater or irrigation.

    Phoenix dactylifera. Sources: Zaid & de Wet 2002, Date Palm Cultivation (FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 156); FAO ECOCROP: Phoenix dactylifera.

    Where else date palm grows →

  8. Garlic

    Hardneck (Music, Chesnok Red)

    0Won't grow

    Winters too mild

    Ruled out. Winters too mild: 62°F here, ideal at most 43°FWinters too mild: 16°C here, ideal at most 6°C

    Vegetable · Annual

    Why this score

    • Coldest-month average0

      Here: 62°F · Ideal: at most 43°FHere: 16°C · Ideal: at most 6°C

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least -22°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least -30°C

    • Warmest-month average64

      Here: 83°F · Ideal: 61–79°FHere: 28°C · Ideal: 16–26°C

    • Yearly rain0

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 16–39 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 400–1,000 mm

    Planted in autumn and harvested in early summer; cloves need weeks below ~50 °F to form bulbs (hardnecks more than softnecks).Planted in autumn and harvested in early summer; cloves need weeks below ~10 °C to form bulbs (hardnecks more than softnecks).

    Allium sativum. Sources: UC ANR: Garlic production in California; FAO ECOCROP: Allium sativum.

    Where else garlic grows →

  9. Hops

    0Won't grow

    Summer days too short

    Ruled out. Summer days too short: 13.6 h here, ideal at least 15.0 h

    Herb · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Longest day0

      Here: 13.6 h · Ideal: at least 15.0 h

    • Coldest-month average0

      Here: 62°F · Ideal: at most 43°FHere: 16°C · Ideal: at most 6°C

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least -18°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least -28°C

    • Frost-free days100

      Here: 365 days · Ideal: at least 130 days

    • Warmest-month average17

      Here: 83°F · Ideal: 63–75°FHere: 28°C · Ideal: 17–24°C

    • Yearly rain0

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 20–39 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 500–1,000 mm

    Long summer days drive cone yield, which is why production clusters between 35° and 55° latitude. Needs a cold winter for dormancy.

    Humulus lupulus. Sources: Neve 1991, Hops (Chapman & Hall); FAO ECOCROP: Humulus lupulus.

    Where else hops grows →

  10. Kiwifruit

    0Won't grow

    Not enough winter chill

    Ruled out. Not enough winter chill: 0 portions here, ideal at least 42 portions

    Fruit · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Winter chill (9 winters in 10)0

      Here: 0 portions · Ideal: at least 42 portions

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least 14°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least -10°C

    • Frost-free days100

      Here: 365 days · Ideal: at least 240 days

    • Degree days above 50°FDegree days above 10°C100

      Here: 8,464 °F·days · Ideal: at least 2,520 °F·daysHere: 4,702 °C·days · Ideal: at least 1,400 °C·days

    • Days above 95°FDays above 35°C100

      Here: 1 days · Ideal: at most 30 days

    • Yearly rain100

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 39–79 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 1,000–2,000 mm

    Shoots are tender to spring frost; vines need shelter from wind.

    Actinidia deliciosa. Sources: Zespri / New Zealand kiwifruit growing guidance; FAO ECOCROP: Actinidia deliciosa.

    Where else kiwifruit grows →

  11. Lavender

    English lavender (L. angustifolia)

    0Won't grow

    Too wet

    Ruled out. Too wet: 76 in here, ideal 18–33 inToo wet: 1,931 mm here, ideal 450–850 mm

    Herb · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least -11°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least -24°C

    • Warmest-month average57

      Here: 83°F · Ideal: 63–79°FHere: 28°C · Ideal: 17–26°C

    • Coldest-month average0

      Here: 62°F · Ideal: at most 50°FHere: 16°C · Ideal: at most 10°C

    • Frost-free days100

      Here: 365 days · Ideal: at least 120 days

    • Yearly rain0

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 18–33 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 450–850 mm

    Dislikes wet winters and humid summers more than cold. Needs sharp drainage.

    Lavandula angustifolia / L. × intermedia. Sources: University extension lavender production guides (e.g. Oregon State, Washington State); FAO ECOCROP: Lavandula angustifolia.

    Where else lavender grows →

  12. Olive

    0Won't grow

    Too wet

    Ruled out. Too wet: 76 in here, ideal 20–35 inToo wet: 1,931 mm here, ideal 500–900 mm

    Fruit · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least 18°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least -8°C

    • Chill hours (9 winters in 10)0

      Here: 0 hours · Ideal: at least 300 hours

    • Warmest-month average100

      Here: 83°F · Ideal: 73–86°FHere: 28°C · Ideal: 23–30°C

    • Degree days above 50°FDegree days above 10°C100

      Here: 8,464 °F·days · Ideal: at least 3,240 °F·daysHere: 4,702 °C·days · Ideal: at least 1,800 °C·days

    • Yearly rain0

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 20–35 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 500–900 mm

    Needs a mild winter chill to flower well, and long warm summers to ripen. Humid summers bring olive knot and peacock spot.

    Olea europaea. Sources: Connor & Fereres 2005, The physiology of adaptation and yield expression in olive (Horticultural Reviews); FAO ECOCROP: Olea europaea; Steduto, Hsiao, Fereres & Raes 2012, Crop yield response to water (FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 66).

    Where else olive grows →

  13. Peach

    Standard-chill (Redhaven, Elberta)

    0Won't grow

    Not enough winter chill

    Ruled out. Not enough winter chill: 0 portions here, ideal at least 40 portions

    Fruit · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Winter chill (9 winters in 10)0

      Here: 0 portions · Ideal: at least 40 portions

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least -6°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least -21°C

    • Frost-free days100

      Here: 365 days · Ideal: at least 170 days

    • Degree days above 50°FDegree days above 10°C100

      Here: 8,464 °F·days · Ideal: at least 2,340 °F·daysHere: 4,702 °C·days · Ideal: at least 1,300 °C·days

    • Yearly rain9

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 24–47 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 600–1,200 mm

    Flower buds are killed around −9 °F in midwinter and by frost after bloom.Flower buds are killed around −23 °C in midwinter and by frost after bloom.

    Prunus persica. Sources: Fadón et al. 2020, Chilling and heat requirements of temperate stone fruit trees (Prunus sp.) (Agronomy); FAO ECOCROP: Prunus persica.

    Where else peach grows →

  14. Pear

    European pear (Bartlett, Conference)

    0Won't grow

    Not enough winter chill

    Ruled out. Not enough winter chill: 0 portions here, ideal at least 60 portions

    Fruit · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Winter chill (9 winters in 10)0

      Here: 0 portions · Ideal: at least 60 portions

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least -18°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least -28°C

    • Frost-free days100

      Here: 365 days · Ideal: at least 150 days

    • Degree days above 50°FDegree days above 10°C100

      Here: 8,464 °F·days · Ideal: at least 1,800 °F·daysHere: 4,702 °C·days · Ideal: at least 1,000 °C·days

    • Yearly rain9

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 24–47 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 600–1,200 mm

    Warm, humid springs raise fire blight risk.

    Pyrus communis / P. pyrifolia. Sources: Luedeling 2012, Climate change impacts on winter chill for temperate fruit and nut production: a review (Scientia Horticulturae); FAO ECOCROP: Pyrus communis.

    Where else pear grows →

  15. Pecan

    0Won't grow

    Not enough winter chill

    Ruled out. Not enough winter chill: 0 portions here, ideal at least 30 portions

    Nut · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Winter chill (9 winters in 10)0

      Here: 0 portions · Ideal: at least 30 portions

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least 0°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least -18°C

    • Frost-free days100

      Here: 365 days · Ideal: at least 210 days

    • Degree days above 50°FDegree days above 10°C100

      Here: 8,464 °F·days · Ideal: at least 4,320 °F·daysHere: 4,702 °C·days · Ideal: at least 2,400 °C·days

    • Yearly rain57

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 30–59 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 750–1,500 mm

    Needs a long, hot season to fill the nuts.

    Carya illinoinensis. Sources: Wells 2017, Pecan: America's Native Nut Tree (University of Alabama Press); FAO ECOCROP: Carya illinoinensis.

    Where else pecan grows →

  16. Pistachio

    0Won't grow

    Not enough winter chill

    Ruled out. Not enough winter chill: 0 portions here, ideal at least 58 portions

    Nut · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Winter chill (9 winters in 10)0

      Here: 0 portions · Ideal: at least 58 portions

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least 10°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least -12°C

    • Warmest-month average100

      Here: 83°F · Ideal: 79–91°FHere: 28°C · Ideal: 26–33°C

    • Degree days above 50°FDegree days above 10°C100

      Here: 8,464 °F·days · Ideal: at least 4,860 °F·daysHere: 4,702 °C·days · Ideal: at least 2,700 °C·days

    • Frost-free days100

      Here: 365 days · Ideal: at least 210 days

    • Yearly rain0

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 16–24 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 400–600 mm

    Needs both a real winter chill and a long, hot, dry summer; humidity brings fungal disease.

    Pistacia vera. Sources: Ferguson & Haviland (eds.), Pistachio Production Manual (UC ANR); FAO ECOCROP: Pistacia vera; Steduto, Hsiao, Fereres & Raes 2012, Crop yield response to water (FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 66).

    Where else pistachio grows →

  17. Saffron

    0Won't grow

    Too wet

    Ruled out. Too wet: 76 in here, ideal 14–28 inToo wet: 1,931 mm here, ideal 350–700 mm

    Herb · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least 1°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least -17°C

    • Coldest-month average0

      Here: 62°F · Ideal: 30–50°FHere: 16°C · Ideal: -1 to 10°C

    • Warmest-month average97

      Here: 83°F · Ideal: 68–82°FHere: 28°C · Ideal: 20–28°C

    • Dry-season length100

      Here: 3 months · Ideal: at least 2 months

    • Yearly rain0

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 14–28 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 350–700 mm

    Corms rest through a hot, dry summer and flower in autumn. Wet summers rot them.

    Crocus sativus. Sources: Gresta et al. 2008, Saffron, an alternative crop for sustainable agricultural systems (Agronomy for Sustainable Development); Kafi et al. 2006, Saffron (Crocus sativus): Production and Processing.

    Where else saffron grows →

  18. Table and raisin grapes

    Seedless table and raisin grapes (Flame, Crimson, Thompson Seedless)

    0Won't grow

    Too wet

    Ruled out. Too wet: 76 in here, ideal 20–28 inToo wet: 1,931 mm here, ideal 500–700 mm

    Fruit · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Winkler index (Apr–Oct degree days)100

      Here: 6,160 °F·days · Ideal: 3,600–6,480 °F·daysHere: 3,422 °C·days · Ideal: 2,000–3,600 °C·days

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least 10°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least -12°C

    • Frost-free days100

      Here: 365 days · Ideal: at least 200 days

    • Yearly rain0

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 20–28 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 500–700 mm

    Want long, hot, dry summers: Winkler region IV–V and beyond, hotter than most wine grapes. Sun-dried raisins need rain-free weeks after harvest; humid late summers bring bunch rot.

    Vitis vinifera. Sources: Christensen (ed.), Raisin Production Manual (UC ANR Publication 3393); Winkler, Cook, Kliewer & Lider 1974, General Viticulture (University of California Press); Steduto, Hsiao, Fereres & Raes 2012, Crop yield response to water (FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 66).

    Where else table and raisin grapes grows →

  19. Walnut

    0Won't grow

    Not enough winter chill

    Ruled out. Not enough winter chill: 0 portions here, ideal at least 45 portions

    Nut · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Winter chill (9 winters in 10)0

      Here: 0 portions · Ideal: at least 45 portions

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least -8°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least -22°C

    • Frost-free days100

      Here: 365 days · Ideal: at least 180 days

    • Degree days above 50°FDegree days above 10°C100

      Here: 8,464 °F·days · Ideal: at least 2,700 °F·daysHere: 4,702 °C·days · Ideal: at least 1,500 °C·days

    • Days above 95°FDays above 35°C100

      Here: 1 days · Ideal: at most 75 days

    • Yearly rain9

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 26–47 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 650–1,200 mm

    Late-leafing varieties (Chandler) dodge spring frost. Very hot days sunburn the nuts.

    Juglans regia. Sources: Luedeling 2012, Climate change impacts on winter chill for temperate fruit and nut production: a review (Scientia Horticulturae); UC ANR: Walnut Production Manual.

    Where else walnut grows →

  20. Wine grapes

    Warm-climate reds (Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah)

    0Won't grow

    Too hot for quality fruit

    Ruled out. Too hot for quality fruit: 6,160 °F·days here, ideal 2,610–3,510 °F·daysToo hot for quality fruit: 3,422 °C·days here, ideal 1,450–1,950 °C·days

    Fruit · Perennial

    Why this score

    • Winkler index (Apr–Oct degree days)0

      Here: 6,160 °F·days · Ideal: 2,610–3,510 °F·daysHere: 3,422 °C·days · Ideal: 1,450–1,950 °C·days

    • Coldest night of the year (average)100

      Here: 43°F · Ideal: at least 3°FHere: 6°C · Ideal: at least -16°C

    • Frost-free days100

      Here: 365 days · Ideal: at least 180 days

    • Yearly rain0

      Here: 76 in · Ideal: 20–35 inHere: 1,931 mm · Ideal: 500–900 mm

    Winkler regions run from I, under 2,500 °F·days, to V, over 4,000 °F·days (degree days above 50 °F, Apr–Oct). Wet summers mean mildew pressure.Winkler regions run from I, under 1,389 °C·days, to V, over 2,222 °C·days (degree days above 10 °C, Apr–Oct). Wet summers mean mildew pressure.

    Vitis vinifera. Sources: Amerine & Winkler 1944, Composition and quality of musts and wines of California grapes (Hilgardia); Jones et al. 2010, Spatial analysis of climate in winegrape growing regions in the western United States (American Journal of Enology and Viticulture); Steduto, Hsiao, Fereres & Raes 2012, Crop yield response to water (FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 66).

    Where else wine grapes grows →

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How these scores work

Each crop has an ideal range and hard limits for things like winter cold, chill hours, summer heat and rain. A score of 100 means everything is in range; one hard limit crossed means 0. “Ideal” is a 100 with room to spare in every range, “Good fit” is 80 or more and “Marginal” 50–79. Annual crops are scored over their best growing season, which sets the planting month. Rainfed scores count rain only; irrigated scores assume you water when rain falls short. Pages open on irrigated where a year brings under 20 in500 mm of rain.

Climate comes from 1991–2020 monthly averages for the 4 km climate cell around the town. Frost dates, chill and hardiness zones are estimated from those averages by simulating daily weather, so check them against local records. Soil, slope and water rights matter as much as climate. Crop ranges from FAO ECOCROP and university extension guides (cited per crop).

Nearby towns

Climate data: TerraClimate 1991–2020 monthly averages (Abatzoglou, J.T. et al., 2018, Scientific Data 5:170191). Humidity is derived from TerraClimate vapor pressure; “sunshine” is solar radiation.

Places: GeoNames (CC BY 4.0). Map: © OpenStreetMap contributors, tiles by OpenFreeMap.

Grower tools: crop ranges from FAO ECOCROP and university extension guides (cited per crop). Daily weather, frost dates and chill are estimated from the monthly averages; chill portions use the Dynamic Model (Fishman, Erez & Couvillon, 1987), hardiness zones follow the USDA definition.