What can I grow in Mardan?

• Growing-season average100

  Here: 85°F (29°C) · Ideal: 72–91°F (22–33°C)

• Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

  Here: 61°F (16°C) · Ideal: at least 54°F (12°C)

• Growing-season rain100

  Here: 6.7 in (170 mm) · Ideal: 12–28 in (300–700 mm) · covered by irrigation

Handles heat and drought better than maize.

Sorghum bicolor. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Sorghum bicolor; FAO Crop Water Information: sorghum. Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Growing-season average100

  Here: 61°F (16°C) · Ideal: 54–70°F (12–21°C)

• Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

  Here: 38°F (4°C) · Ideal: at least 32°F (0°C)

• Growing-season rain100

  Here: 8.3 in (212 mm) · Ideal: 9.8–22 in (250–550 mm) · covered by irrigation

Heat over ~30 °C at flowering cuts yield; a cool-season crop in warm climates.

Brassica napus. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Brassica napus; Canola Council of Canada: Canola Encyclopedia. Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Growing-season average100

  Here: 61°F (16°C) · Ideal: 54–72°F (12–22°C)

• Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

  Here: 38°F (4°C) · Ideal: at least 32°F (0°C)

• Growing-season rain100

  Here: 8.3 in (212 mm) · Ideal: 9.8–24 in (250–600 mm) · covered by irrigation

In mild-winter climates spring wheat is sown in autumn and grows through the cool season.

Triticum aestivum. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Triticum aestivum; FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 33 (Doorenbos & Kassam 1979). Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Growing-season average100

  Here: 85°F (30°C) · Ideal: 72–90°F (22–32°C)

• Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

  Here: 61°F (16°C) · Ideal: at least 54°F (12°C)

• Growing-season rain100

  Here: 12 in (313 mm) · Ideal: 20–39 in (500–1,000 mm) · covered by irrigation

• Frost-free days100

  Here: 305 days · Ideal: at least 190 days

Needs a long, hot season and dry weather when bolls open.

Gossypium hirsutum. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Gossypium hirsutum; FAO Crop Water Information: cotton. Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Winter chill (9 winters in 10)100

  Here: 28 portions · Ideal: at least 10 portions

• Coldest night of the year (average)100

  Here: 21°F (-6°C) · Ideal: at least 18°F (-8°C)

• Frost-free days100

  Here: 305 days · Ideal: at least 170 days

• Degree days above 50°F (10°C)100

  Here: 8,467 °F·days (4,704 °C·days) · Ideal: at least 2,340 °F·days (1,300 °C·days)

• Yearly rain100

  Here: 21 in (533 mm) · Ideal: 24–47 in (600–1,200 mm) · covered by irrigation

Flower buds are killed around −23 °C in midwinter and by frost after bloom.

Prunus persica. Sources: Fadón et al. 2020, Chilling and heat requirements of temperate stone fruit trees (Prunus sp.) (Agronomy); FAO ECOCROP: Prunus persica. Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Winter chill (9 winters in 10)100

  Here: 28 portions · Ideal: at least 25 portions

• Coldest night of the year (average)100

  Here: 21°F (-6°C) · Ideal: at least 9°F (-13°C)

• Frost-free days100

  Here: 305 days · Ideal: at least 210 days

• Degree days above 50°F (10°C)100

  Here: 8,467 °F·days (4,704 °C·days) · Ideal: at least 3,420 °F·days (1,900 °C·days)

• Yearly rain100

  Here: 21 in (533 mm) · Ideal: 16–35 in (400–900 mm)

Blooms in late winter, so spring frosts are the main risk. Humid springs bring disease. Mostly irrigated.

Prunus dulcis. Sources: Fadón et al. 2020, Chilling and heat requirements of temperate stone fruit trees (Prunus sp.) (Agronomy); UC ANR: Almond Production Manual. Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Growing-season average100

  Here: 64°F (18°C) · Ideal: 57–75°F (14–24°C)

• Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

  Here: 44°F (7°C) · Ideal: at least 37°F (3°C)

• Growing-season rain100

  Here: 6.6 in (168 mm) · Ideal: 5.9–18 in (150–450 mm)

Grown as a short-season crop in most commercial systems; day-neutral types fruit through summer.

Fragaria × ananassa. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Fragaria × ananassa; UC ANR: Strawberry production. Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Growing-season average100

  Here: 78°F (26°C) · Ideal: 64–81°F (18–27°C)

• Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

  Here: 52°F (11°C) · Ideal: at least 50°F (10°C)

• Growing-season rain100

  Here: 5.8 in (148 mm) · Ideal: 9.8–24 in (250–600 mm) · covered by irrigation

Fruit set fails when nights drop below ~10 °C or days top ~35 °C. Wet seasons bring blight.

Solanum lycopersicum. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Solanum lycopersicum; FAO Crop Water Information: tomato. Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Growing-season average100

  Here: 78°F (26°C) · Ideal: 64–86°F (18–30°C)

• Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

  Here: 52°F (11°C) · Ideal: at least 50°F (10°C)

• Growing-season rain100

  Here: 5.8 in (148 mm) · Ideal: 16–35 in (400–900 mm) · covered by irrigation

• Degree days above 50°F (10°C)100

  Here: 8,467 °F·days (4,704 °C·days) · Ideal: at least 1,980 °F·days (1,100 °C·days)

Hybrids are matched to season length by relative maturity. Heat over ~35 °C at silking hurts pollination.

Zea mays. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Zea mays; FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 33 (Doorenbos & Kassam 1979, Yield response to water). Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Growing-season average100

  Here: 78°F (26°C) · Ideal: 68–86°F (20–30°C)

• Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

  Here: 52°F (11°C) · Ideal: at least 50°F (10°C)

• Growing-season rain100

  Here: 5.8 in (148 mm) · Ideal: 18–35 in (450–900 mm) · covered by irrigation

Maturity groups are matched to latitude because flowering is triggered by shortening days.

Glycine max. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Glycine max; FAO Crop Water Information: soybean. Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Growing-season average100

  Here: 61°F (16°C) · Ideal: 52–68°F (11–20°C)

• Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

  Here: 38°F (4°C) · Ideal: at least 32°F (0°C)

• Growing-season rain100

  Here: 8.3 in (212 mm) · Ideal: 7.9–20 in (200–500 mm)

The most cold- and drought-tolerant small grain; malting barley wants a cool, dry finish.

Hordeum vulgare. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Hordeum vulgare; FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 33 (Doorenbos & Kassam 1979). Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Growing-season average100

  Here: 85°F (29°C) · Ideal: 72–88°F (22–31°C)

• Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

  Here: 61°F (16°C) · Ideal: at least 59°F (15°C)

• Growing-season rain100

  Here: 6.7 in (170 mm) · Ideal: 28–79 in (700–2,000 mm) · covered by irrigation

Paddy rice is usually flooded from irrigation or monsoon rain; nights below ~15 °C at flowering cause empty grains.

Oryza sativa. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Oryza sativa; FAO Crop Water Information: rice. Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Growing-season average100

  Here: 69°F (21°C) · Ideal: 64–82°F (18–28°C)

• Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

  Here: 44°F (7°C) · Ideal: at least 43°F (6°C)

• Growing-season rain100

  Here: 7.3 in (186 mm) · Ideal: 12–28 in (300–700 mm) · covered by irrigation

Deep roots make it fairly drought tolerant.

Helianthus annuus. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Helianthus annuus; FAO Crop Water Information: sunflower. Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Growing-season average100

  Here: 61°F (16°C) · Ideal: 55–68°F (13–20°C)

• Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

  Here: 38°F (4°C) · Ideal: at least 37°F (3°C)

• Growing-season rain100

  Here: 8.3 in (212 mm) · Ideal: 14–28 in (350–700 mm) · covered by irrigation

Tubers form best with cool nights; above ~25 °C tuber growth stalls. In the tropics it's a highland or cool-season crop.

Solanum tuberosum. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Solanum tuberosum; FAO Crop Water Information: potato. Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Growing-season average100

  Here: 85°F (30°C) · Ideal: 72–86°F (22–30°C)

• Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

  Here: 61°F (16°C) · Ideal: at least 57°F (14°C)

• Growing-season rain100

  Here: 11 in (269 mm) · Ideal: 18–35 in (450–900 mm) · covered by irrigation

Needs warm, light soil for pods to develop underground.

Arachis hypogaea. Sources: FAO ECOCROP: Arachis hypogaea; FAO Crop Water Information: groundnut. Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Growing-season average100

  Here: 69°F (21°C) · Ideal: 61–79°F (16–26°C)

• Coldest growing-season night (monthly average)100

  Here: 44°F (7°C) · Ideal: at least 41°F (5°C)

• Growing-season rain100

  Here: 7.3 in (186 mm) · Ideal: 14–28 in (350–700 mm) · covered by irrigation

• Longest day93

  Here: 14.4 h · Ideal: at least 14.5 h

Grain and fibre cultivars bred at high latitudes flower too early under the short days of the tropics. Licensing rules vary by country.

Cannabis sativa. Sources: Amaducci et al. 2015, Key cultivation techniques for hemp in Europe and China (Industrial Crops and Products); FAO ECOCROP: Cannabis sativa. Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Coldest night of the year (average)100

  Here: 21°F (-6°C) · Ideal: at least 18°F (-8°C)

• Warmest-month average86

  Here: 91°F (33°C) · Ideal: 72–90°F (22–32°C)

• Frost-free days100

  Here: 305 days · Ideal: at least 200 days

• Yearly rain100

  Here: 21 in (533 mm) · Ideal: 9.8–39 in (250–1,000 mm)

Tops die back around −10 °C but roots often regrow. Rain at ripening splits fruit.

Ficus carica. Sources: UC ANR: Fig production; FAO ECOCROP: Ficus carica. Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Winter chill (9 winters in 10)82

  Here: 28 portions · Ideal: at least 30 portions

• Coldest night of the year (average)100

  Here: 21°F (-6°C) · Ideal: at least 0°F (-18°C)

• Frost-free days100

  Here: 305 days · Ideal: at least 210 days

• Degree days above 50°F (10°C)100

  Here: 8,467 °F·days (4,704 °C·days) · Ideal: at least 4,320 °F·days (2,400 °C·days)

• Yearly rain100

  Here: 21 in (533 mm) · Ideal: 30–59 in (750–1,500 mm) · covered by irrigation

Needs a long, hot season to fill the nuts.

Carya illinoinensis. Sources: Wells 2017, Pecan: America's Native Nut Tree (University of Alabama Press); FAO ECOCROP: Carya illinoinensis. Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Coldest night of the year (average)100

  Here: 21°F (-6°C) · Ideal: at least 19°F (-7°C)

• Average temperature100

  Here: 73°F (23°C) · Ideal: 61–75°F (16–24°C)

• Warmest-month average46

  Here: 91°F (33°C) · Ideal: 73–86°F (23–30°C)

• Yearly rain100

  Here: 21 in (533 mm) · Ideal: 35–79 in (900–2,000 mm) · covered by irrigation

Freezes are the deciding risk: a few hours below −3 °C damage fruit and young trees. Our cold-snap estimate is weakest in subtropical climates.

Citrus spp.. Sources: UF/IFAS Extension: citrus cold hardiness; FAO ECOCROP: Citrus sinensis. Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Coldest night of the year (average)100

  Here: 21°F (-6°C) · Ideal: at least 18°F (-8°C)

• Chill hours (9 winters in 10)100

  Here: 506 hours · Ideal: at least 300 hours

• Warmest-month average32

  Here: 91°F (33°C) · Ideal: 73–86°F (23–30°C)

• Degree days above 50°F (10°C)100

  Here: 8,467 °F·days (4,704 °C·days) · Ideal: at least 3,240 °F·days (1,800 °C·days)

• Yearly rain100

  Here: 21 in (533 mm) · Ideal: 16–35 in (400–900 mm)

Needs a mild winter chill to flower well, and long warm summers to ripen. Humid summers bring olive knot and peacock spot.

Olea europaea. Sources: Connor & Fereres 2005, The physiology of adaptation and yield expression in olive (Horticultural Reviews); FAO ECOCROP: Olea europaea. Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Coldest-month average100

  Here: 50°F (10°C) · Ideal: at most 54°F (12°C)

• Coldest night of the year (average)100

  Here: 21°F (-6°C) · Ideal: at least 5°F (-15°C)

• Warmest-month average22

  Here: 91°F (33°C) · Ideal: 64–82°F (18–28°C)

• Yearly rain100

  Here: 21 in (533 mm) · Ideal: 16–39 in (400–1,000 mm)

Planted in autumn and harvested in early summer; cloves need weeks below ~10 °C to form bulbs (hardnecks more than softnecks).

Allium sativum. Sources: UC ANR: Garlic production in California; FAO ECOCROP: Allium sativum. Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Coldest night of the year (average)100

  Here: 21°F (-6°C) · Ideal: at least 3°F (-16°C)

• Warmest-month average6

  Here: 91°F (33°C) · Ideal: 66–82°F (19–28°C)

• Coldest-month average100

  Here: 50°F (10°C) · Ideal: at most 54°F (12°C)

• Frost-free days100

  Here: 305 days · Ideal: at least 120 days

• Yearly rain100

  Here: 21 in (533 mm) · Ideal: 14–33 in (350–850 mm)

Dislikes wet winters and humid summers more than cold. Needs sharp drainage.

Lavandula angustifolia / L. × intermedia. Sources: University extension lavender production guides (e.g. Oregon State, Washington State); FAO ECOCROP: Lavandula angustifolia. Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Winter chill (9 winters in 10)19

  Here: 28 portions · Ideal: at least 40 portions

• Coldest night of the year (average)100

  Here: 21°F (-6°C) · Ideal: at least -11°F (-24°C)

• Frost-free days100

  Here: 305 days · Ideal: at least 150 days

• Degree days above 50°F (10°C)100

  Here: 8,467 °F·days (4,704 °C·days) · Ideal: at least 1,800 °F·days (1,000 °C·days)

• Yearly rain100

  Here: 21 in (533 mm) · Ideal: 24–47 in (600–1,200 mm) · covered by irrigation

Warm, humid springs raise fire blight risk.

Pyrus communis / P. pyrifolia. Sources: Luedeling 2012, Climate change impacts on winter chill for temperate fruit and nut production: a review (Scientia Horticulturae); FAO ECOCROP: Pyrus communis. Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Coldest night of the year (average)100

  Here: 21°F (-6°C) · Ideal: at least 1°F (-17°C)

• Coldest-month average96

  Here: 50°F (10°C) · Ideal: 30–50°F (-1 to 10°C)

• Warmest-month average6

  Here: 91°F (33°C) · Ideal: 68–82°F (20–28°C)

• Dry-season length100

  Here: 4 months · Ideal: at least 2 months

• Yearly rain100

  Here: 21 in (533 mm) · Ideal: 9.8–28 in (250–700 mm)

Corms rest through a hot, dry summer and flower in autumn. Wet summers rot them.

Crocus sativus. Sources: Gresta et al. 2008, Saffron, an alternative crop for sustainable agricultural systems (Agronomy for Sustainable Development); Kafi et al. 2006, Saffron (Crocus sativus): Production and Processing. Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.

• Warmest-month average100

  Here: 91°F (33°C) · Ideal: 88–104°F (31–40°C)

• Coldest night of the year (average)70

  Here: 21°F (-6°C) · Ideal: at least 23°F (-5°C)

• Yearly rain17

  Here: 21 in (533 mm) · Ideal: at most 7.9 in (200 mm)

Fruit only ripens with intense summer heat; rain and humidity at ripening spoil it. Roots need groundwater or irrigation.

Phoenix dactylifera. Sources: Zaid & de Wet 2002, Date Palm Cultivation (FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 156); FAO ECOCROP: Phoenix dactylifera. Ranges not yet reviewed by an agronomist.